Angka

Angka



Salah satu penemuan terpenting manusia adalah angka. Tanpa angka, manusia akan mengalami kesulitan mengungkapkan suatu bilangan atau jumlah. Setiap bangsa memiliki cara tersendiri untuk menulis dan mengucapkan sesuatu bilangan.

Bagaimanapun, tidak semua bangsa memiliki karakter atau lambang khusus penulisan angka. Bangsa Arab merupakan salah satu bangsa di dunia yang memiliki karakter khusus dalam penulisan angka. Bangsa lain adalah Romawi Kuno, yang memiliki karakter penulisan angka Romawi seperti I,II,III dan seterusnya. Angka 1,2,3,4 dan seterusnya adalah karakter angka yang kini paling banyak digunakan.

Angka dikatakan dicipta oleh tamadun India yang kemudian diadaptasi oleh bangsa Arab pada masa awal kegemilangan Islam (sekitar abad ke-7).

Selama berabad-abad, penulisan angka ini diterapkan oleh ilmuwan dan penulis Arab Muslim. Di dunia Arab sendiri, penulisan angka seperti ini kini tidak popular lagi. Sebagai gantinya, orang Arab kini memiliki penulisan sendiri.

Abjad Arab

Orang Arab moden tidak menggunakan angka yang mereka ciptakan sekitar 1,300 tahun silam. Sebagai gantinya, mereka menciptakan sendiri angka yang berbeza. Terdapat dua penulisan yang mereka kembangkan: penulisan angka Arab moden dan penulisan angka dengan abjad Arab.

Angka India

Para ilmuwan tidak mengetahui secara pasti asal-usul angka Arab yang kini banyak dipergunakan. Beberapa sumber menyebutkan bahawa bangsa Arab terpengaruh oleh cara penulisan angka India. Meskipun telah menggunakan angka itu sejak abad ke-3 SM, orang India baru menggunakan angka sifar (0) pada abad ke-7, setelah orang Arab Muslim menemukan bilangan sifar (kosong) ini dari India. Dalam pengertian di India, sifar disebut sunya yang bererti “kosong”.

Skema munculnya angka yang kita gunakan sekarang, yakni angka Arab. Sistem angka Arab terutama dikembangkan oleh al-Khawarizmi (ahli matematik awal abad ke-9) yang mengambil susunan angka decimal dari sistem angka India. Pada abad ke-12, bukunya mulai dikenali di Eropah, lalu orang Eropah mengambil sistem angka Arab tersebut untuk menggantikan angka Romawi.

Angka Arab Klasik

Penemuan angka oleh kaum Arab Muslim kemudiannya tersebar luas dengan cepat. Kerajaan baru Islam di Asia Tengah dan Eropah (Sepanyol khususnya) mengetahui angka ini menerusi para pedagang dan orang yang datang ke wilayah taklukan Islam itu. Di Eropah, angka Arab diterima dengan baik.

Angka ini menggantikan penulisan angka Romawi yang dianggap lebih rumit, komplek dan panjang. Ketika mesin cetak pertama kali ditemukan pada abad ke-14, angka Arab menjadi pilihan utama. Sejak itulah angka Arab klasik tersebar luas dan digunakan di seluruh Eropah.

Sistem Digit

Bangsa Arab Muslim mengembangkan penulisan angka yang diadaptasi dari India seperti yang kita kenal sekarang: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 (angka sifat – kosong – adalah penemuan asli ilmuwan Arab Muslim).

Untuk angka yang jumlahnya melebihi bilangan sepuluh, bangsa Arab Muslim menggunakan sistem digit dalam penulisannya. Misalnya, untuk menyebut bilangan “tiga ratus lima puluh sembilan” dalam angka Arab ditulis 359. Digit 3 mewakili nilai tiga ratus, 5 mewakili nilai lima puluh dan 9 mewakili nilai sembilan.

Begitu juga bilangan “enam ribu lima” ditulis 6005. Di sini, digit 6 memiliki nilai enam ribu, dan lima memiliki nilai lima, sedangkan 0 (sifar – kosong) menempati posisi kosong yang tidak memiliki nilai.

The ruling and wisdom behind fasting

Question: What is the ruling of and the wisdom behind fasting?

Response: With Allaah lies all success. As for its wisdom, Allaah(subhaanahu wa-ta'aala) mentioned a very incorporating meaning in that regard: {O you who believe fasting has been prescribed for upon you as it was prescribed upon those that came before you that you may attain taqwaa (piety)} [Soorah al-Baqarah, Aayah 183]. It incorporates everything the people have mentioned with regard to its wisdom.

Taqwaa is a comprehensive word for everything that Allaah (subhaanahu wa-ta'aala) loves and is pleased with from actions which are desirable and from abandoning prohibitions. So fasting is the greatest way to reach this goal which is the goal of the pleasure of the servant in his worldly life and his Hereafter;

The fasting person seeks closeness to Allaah (subhaanahu wa-ta'aala) by avoiding all desires, giving love of Allaah precedence over the love of his self. For this reason, Allaah specified it out of the other actions by attributing it to Himself, as in the authentic hadeeth;

It is from the principles of taqwaa, as Islaam is not complete without it; o It causes an increase in faith, and attainment of patience and in it is training one's self upon hardships that bring one close to the Lord of the Heavens;

It is a cause of increase of one's good deeds, prayer, reciting (the Qur.aan), remembrance (dhikr) and charity that actualizes at-taqwaa;

In it is prevention of the self from Haraam (prohibited) things, of prohibited action and speech which is the pillar of Taqwaa. In the authentic hadeeth: ((Whoever does not abandon false speech and acting upon that, Allaah is in no need of his abandoning his food and drink)). So the servant seeks closeness to Allaah (subhaanahu wa-ta'aala) through avoiding prohibitions altogether, and they are:

"False speech" - and that is every haraam (prohibited) speech;

"Acting upon that" - and that is every haraam (prohibited) action;

Leaving every haraam thing that obstructs the fast and that is those thing things which break the fast.

So, since in fasting there are advantages, benefits and attainment of all good and reward, that which necessitates its prescription at all times, Allaah (subhaanahu wa-ta'aala) told that it was prescribed upon us as it was prescribed upon those before us. This is His affair with all His Laws that have universal advantages.

As for its rulings: all the "al ahkaam at takleefiyyah" Islaamic rulings could apply to it in accordance with the differing reasons behind it:

As for the obligatory (waajib & fardh): 1) It includes fasting Ramadan upon every Muslim that is Islamically bound by the `Eed and is able; 2) It also includes the fast that a person vows to do; 3) It includes the fasts of expiation (after having done an act obligating that.)

As for the prohibited fast, it is: 1) Fasting the days of Sharee'ah; 2) Fasting the 11th, 12th, and 13th of Dhul-Hijjah, except for the person who is doing Hajj at-Tamattu' or Qiraan but does not have a sacrifice and did not fast before the Day of Sacrifice; 3) Also included in the haraam fast is the fast of menstruating woman and the woman in post-natal bleeding; 4) Also, the ill person that fears death (as a result of fasting); 5) Also, it is obligatory to break the fast upon the one that needs to in order to save a sinless soul from jeopardy - (meaning the baby in the mother's womb.

The fast which is recommended (sunnah) is the supererogatory fast, the restricted and the unrestricted;

As for the fast that is disliked (makrooh), it is the fast of the ill person who feels hardship in doing that;

The permissible fast (jaa.iz): the fasting of a traveler. It is permissible for him to fast or not particularly if he traveled in a day in which he began fasting before traveling.

Shaykh as-Sa'dee / (Fataawa Ramadan, Volume 1/Pages 34-36/Fatwa No.8), also (al-Irshaad ilaa Ma'rifatil Ahkaam, Pages 82-84)

Ramadhan

Few intoductory and complementary notes by the translator:

1. Ramadhan is an auspicious opportunity for believers to renew their commitment to their Creator and the Sovereign of the Day of Recompense. This commitment must be both outward and inward, so that a Muslim not only recites more Qur'an and offers more units of prayer, but that she or he does so with reflection, humility and attentiveness.

2. Muslims must ensure they are not formalists who concentrate only on the outward. Achieving Allah's acceptance must be a believer's priority and is not easy. "Indeed, Allah only accepts from the righteous [who fear him - al muttaqoon]." [Qur'an 5:27]

3. Ramadhan is a wonderful opportunity for accounting of one's sins and making repentance. If one does not repent in Ramadhan, when will he or she do so?

4. Muslims should strive to worship Allah as best as they can from the beginning of the month, for that increases chances of the end of the month being good as well.

5. Muslims should consider what is it that they truly want to achieve in Ramadhan, whether they want to be from the winners or from the losers, and should make sure they do not perform acts of worship simply because it is the surrounding people's custom to do so.

6. Muslims must be firmly aware that Ramadhan is only a means and not an end.

Advice to Muslims in Ramadhan

From the book "Khulaasatul Kalaam" by Shaykh Jaarullah.

Brother Muslim, Sister Muslima:

1. Fast Ramadhan with belief and truly seeking the reward of Allah the Most High so that He may forgive you your past sins.

2. Beware of breaking your fast during the days of Ramadhan without a valid Islamic excuse, for it is from the greatest of sins.

3. Pray Salat ut-Taraweeh and the night prayer during the nights of Ramadhan - especially on Layatul-Qadr - based on belief and truly seeking the reward of Allah, so that Allah may forgive you your past sins.

4. Make sure that your food, your drink and your clothing are from halal means, in order that your actions be accepted, and your supplications answered. Beware of refraining from the halal while fasting and breaking your fast with the haram.

5. Give food to some fasting people to gain a reward similar to theirs.

6. Perform your five prayers on time in congregation to gain the reward and Allah's protection.

7. Give a lot of charity for the best charity is that of Ramadhan.

8. Beware of spending your time without performing righteous deeds, for you will be responsible and reckoned for it and will be rewarded for all you do during your time.

9. Perform `umrah in Ramadhan for `Umrah in Ramadhan is equal to Hajj.

10. Seek help for fasting during the day by eating the sahoor meal in the last part of the night before the appearance of Fajr.

11. Hasten breaking your fast after the sun has truly set in order to gain the love of Allah.

12. Perform ghusl before fajr if you need to purify yourself from the state of major impurity so that you are able to do acts of worship in a state of purity and cleanliness.

13. Cease the opportunity of being in Ramadhan and spend it with the good that has been revealed in it - by reciting the noble Qur'an and pondering and reflection of its meanings so that it be a proof for you with your Lord and an intercessor for you on the Day of Reckoning.

14. Preserve your tongue from lying, cursing, backbiting and slander for it decreases the reward of fasting.

15. Do not let fasting cause you cross your boundaries by getting upset due to the slightest of reasons. Rather, fating should be a cause of peacefulness and tranquility of your soul.

16. Upon completion of fasting, be in a state of taqwa of Allah the Most High, being aware of Allah watching you in secret and in public, in thankfulness for His favors, and steadfastness upon obedience of Allah by doing all what He has ordered and shunning all that He has prohibited.

17. Increase in remembrance of Allah, seeking of forgiveness, asking for Paradise and protection against the Fire, especially when fasting, while breaking the fast and during suhoor, for these actions are among greatest causes of attaining Allah's forgiveness.

18. Increase in supplication for yourself, your parents, your children and Muslims, for Allah has ordered making of supplications and has guaranteed acceptance.

19. Repent to Allah with a sincere repentance in all times by leaving sins, regretting those that you have done before and firmly deciding not to return to them in the future, for Allah accepts repentance of those who repent.

20. Fast six days of Shawwal, for whoever fasts Ramadhan and then follows it with six days of Shawwal, it is as if he fasts all the time.

21. Fast on the Day of `Arafah, the 9th of Dhul Hijjah, to attain success by being forgiven your sins of the last year and the coming year.

22. Fast on the day of `Aashuraa', the 10th of Muharram, along with the 9th, to attain success by being forgiven your sins of the past year.

23. Continue being in a state of iman and taqwa and perform righteous actions after the month of Ramadhan, until you die. "And worship your Lord until there comes to you the certainty (i.e. death)". [Qur'an 15:99]

24. Ensure that you attain the positive effects of your acts of worship such as prayer, fasting, zakat and hajj, sincere repentance and leaving of customs that are in variance with the Sharee`ah.

25. Invoke a lot of salawat and salam upon the Messenger of Allah, may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him, his Companions and all those who follow them until the Day of Judgment.

O Allah make us and all Muslims of those who fast and stand in prayer during the month of Ramadhan based on belief and truly seeking Your reward so that we are forgiven our past and future sins.

O Allah make us of those who fasted the month, attained full reward, witnessed Layatul-Qadr and attained success by permission of the Lord, Blessed and Most High.

O Allah, verily you are Forgiver, like to forgive, so forgive us.

O Lord, accept from us, verily you are the All-Hearing, all-Seeing, O Living, O Independent, O Owner of all majesty and honor.

And may Allah's blessings and peace be upon Muhammad, his family and his Companions.

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